Power transmission unit for electric bicycles, and electric bicycle

ABSTRACT

A power transmission unit is used for generating auxiliary driving force for an electric bicycle, and includes a motor, an input structure, a speed reducer, a case, a bearing, and a bearing support portion. The motor includes a motor shaft. The input structure includes an input shaft and configured to rotate along with the input shaft, the input shaft being caused to rotate by external force transmitted thereto. Thea speed reducer mechanism is configured to transmit a rotational power of the motor shaft while reducing a rotational speed. The case houses the motor, the input structure, and the speed reducer mechanism. The case includes a first divided part and a second divided part. The bearing is located inside the case. The bearing supporting portion, to which the bearing is attached, supports the speed reducer mechanism. The bearing supporting portion is attached to the first divided part.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 17/291,770 filed on May 6, 2021, which is a national stage ofInternational application No. PCT/JP2019/044360, filed on Nov. 12, 2019,which is based upon and claims the benefit of priority to JapanesePatent Application No. 2018-213163, filed on Nov. 13, 2018, and theentire contents of each of these applications are incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a power transmission unit for electricbicycles and also relates to an electric bicycle.

BACKGROUND ART

Patent Literature 1 (WO 2014/184826 A1) discloses a motor driving unitfor electric assist bicycles. In this motor driving unit, human drivingforce, generated by pedaling, is transmitted from crank shafts via ahuman driving force transmission body and an intermediate cylinder to aninterlocking body in this order. In the interlocking body, the humandriving force transmitted from the intermediate cylinder and auxiliarydriving force transmitted from a motor are combined together. Then, thedriving force, output from the interlocking body, is transmitted via adriving force output wheel and an endless driving force transmission toa rear wheel.

This motor driving unit includes a torque sensor for detecting the humandriving force and a rotation detector for detecting the rotation of thehuman driving force transmission body or the intermediate cylinder. Thetorque sensor is implemented as a magnetostrictive sensor, whichincludes a magnetostriction generator unit formed on an outer peripheralsurface of the human driving force transmission body and a coil woundaround its outer periphery with a certain gap left between them.

In the motor driving unit described above, the rotation detector isarranged, along the axis of the crankshafts, closer to the interlockingbody than the torque sensor arranged on the outer periphery of an inputstructure. Therefore, for example, the torque sensor and the rotationdetector, both of which are electronic components, are arranged at twoseparate positions along the axis of the crankshafts, thus making it toomuch complicated to interconnect the torque sensor and the rotationdetector, for example, to make effective use of the space inside theunit.

SUMMARY

In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of thepresent disclosure to provide a power transmission unit for electricbicycles with the ability to make effective use of the space inside theunit and also provide an electric bicycle including such a powertransmission unit.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to an aspectof the present disclosure has the following configuration. Specifically,the power transmission unit includes an input structure, an outputstructure, a torque detection unit, a detection target, and a detectionunit. The input structure includes an input shaft. The input shaft iscaused to rotate by external force transmitted thereto. The inputstructure rotates along with the input shaft. The output structureoutputs rotational power by rotating along with the input structure. Thetorque detection unit is provided on an outer periphery of the inputstructure. The detection target rotates either along with, or whileinterlocking with, the input structure. The detection unit detects arotational state of the detection target. At least part of the torquedetection unit and at least part of the detection target overlap witheach other when viewed perpendicularly to a rotational axis of the inputstructure.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to anotheraspect of the present disclosure has the following configuration.Specifically, the power transmission unit includes an input shaft, anoutput structure, a transmission member, a torque detection unit, adetection target, and a detection unit. The input shaft is caused torotate by external force transmitted thereto. The output structureoutputs rotational power. The transmission member is provided on anouter periphery of the input shaft and arranged beside the outputstructure along an axis of the input shaft. The transmission member iscoupled to, and rotates along with, the input shaft. The transmissionmember transmits rotational power of the input shaft to the outputstructure to cause the output structure to rotate. The torque detectionunit is provided on an outer periphery of the transmission member. Thedetection target rotates while interlocking with the input shaft. Thedetection unit detects a rotational state of the detection target. Thedetection target is located, along an axis of the input shaft, oppositefrom the output structure with respect to a coupling portion where theinput shaft and the transmission member are coupled together.

An electric bicycle according to still another aspect of the presentdisclosure has the following configuration. Specifically, the electricbicycle includes a wheel and the power transmission unit for electricbicycles. The power transmission unit outputs rotational power to thewheel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The figures depict one or more implementation in accordance with thepresent teaching, by way of example only, not by way of limitations. Inthe figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similarelements.

FIG. 1 is a side view of an electric bicycle according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view thereof taken along a plane that passesthrough an input shaft of a motor unit and a motor shaft included in theelectric bicycle;

FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 2 ;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are side views illustrating suitable positions of arotator of the motor unit;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, corresponding to FIG. 3 , of a motorunit according to a first variation;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view, corresponding to FIG. 3 , of a motorunit according to a second variation;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view, corresponding to FIG. 3 , of a motorunit according to a third variation;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view, corresponding to FIG. 3 , of a motorunit according to a fourth variation;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a motor unit according to a fifthvariation as taken along a plane that passes through the input shaft,transmission shaft, and motor shaft thereof, and

FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of a principal part shown in FIG. 9 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to anexemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a motor unit 3 includinga motor 53. The motor unit 3 is mounted on an electric bicycle 1. Theelectric bicycle 1 is implemented as an electric assist bicycle. Themotor unit 3 generates auxiliary driving force for the electric bicycle1.

As used herein, the “electric assist bicycle” refers to a bicycledesigned to have the motor 53 generate auxiliary driving force for theelectric bicycle 1. The electric assist bicycles include not onlyelectric assist bicycles as defined by applicable law but also otherelectric bicycles to be distinguished from electric assist bicycles byapplicable law as well. Also, as used herein, the “auxiliary drivingforce” refers to additional force (i.e., assist force) to be applied toa wheel 11 of the electric bicycle 1 besides the force that the rider ofthe electric bicycle 1 applies by pumping pedals 17 (hereinafterreferred to as “pedaling force”).

As used herein, the direction in which the electric bicycle 1 travelsstraight (forward) when the electric bicycle 1 is used in a normal waywill be hereinafter referred to as a “forward direction” and theopposite direction thereof will be hereinafter referred to as a“backward direction.” Also, two directions including the forwarddirection and the backward direction will be hereinafter collectivelyreferred to as “forward/backward directions” and two directions that areperpendicular to the forward/backward directions and aligned with ahorizontal plane will be hereinafter referred to as “rightward/leftwarddirections.” Furthermore, one of the rightward/leftward directions whichpoints to the left with respect to the forward direction will behereinafter referred to as a “leftward direction” and the other of therightward/leftward directions which points to the right with respect tothe forward direction will be hereinafter referred to as a “rightwarddirection.”

The electric bicycle 1 according to this embodiment illustrated in FIG.1 includes not only the motor unit 3 but also a plurality of wheels 10,11, forks 12, handlebars 13, a frame 2, a battery 14, a saddle 15, apair of crank arms 16, and a pair of pedals 17.

The electric bicycle 1 according to this embodiment includes, as theplurality of wheels 10, 11, a front wheel 10 and a rear wheel 11. Theforks 12 include legs 120 and a steering column 121. The legs 120support the front wheel 10 rotatably. The steering column 121 extendsupward from an upper end portion of the legs 120.

The frame 2 according to this embodiment includes a head tube 20, a toptube 21, a down tube 22, a seat tube 23, seat stays 24, chain stays 25,and a bracket 26.

To the head tube 20, the steering column 121 is mounted to be rotatablewith respect to the center axis of the head tube 20. The handlebars 13are mounted on an upper end portion of the steering column 121. Therider may change the orientation of the front wheel 10 by turning thehandlebars 13 to turn the steering column 121 around the center axis ofthe head tube 20.

A front end portion of the top tube 21 is connected to the head tube 20.A rear end portion of the top tube 21 is connected to the seat tube 23.The saddle 15 includes a shaft 150. The shaft 150 is mounted on an upperend portion of the seat tube 23. The bracket 26 is connected to a lowerend portion of the seat tube 23. The down tube 22 is located under thetop tube 21. A front-end portion of the down tube 22 is connected to thehead tube 20. A rear end portion of the down tube 22 is connected to thebracket 26. The battery 14 is attached removably to the down tube 22.The battery 14 supplies power to the motor unit 3.

To the rear end portion of the top tube 21, respective front-endportions of the seat stays 24 are connected. The chain stays 25 arelocated under the seat stays 24. Respective rear end portions of theseat stays 24 are connected to their corresponding rear end portions ofthe chain stays 25. To the connection portion where the seat stays 24and the chain stays 25 are connected together, the rear wheel 11 ismounted to be rotatable around a right/left axis. As used herein, “to berotatable around the right/left axis” means being rotatable around arotational axis that is parallel to the rightward/leftward directions. Arear sprocket 18 is fixed to the rear wheel 11. Respective front-endportions of the chain stays 25 are connected to the bracket 26.

The motor unit 3 is attached to the bracket 26. The motor unit 3according to this embodiment is designed to transmit power to only therear wheel 11, out of the front wheel 10 and the rear wheel 11.

The motor unit 3 includes an input structure 30. The input structure 30is rotatable around the right/left axis. The pair of pedals 17 arecoupled to the input structure 30 via the pair of crank arms 16.Transmitting the pedaling force, applied to the pedals 17, to the inputstructure 30 via the pair of crank arms 16 causes the input structure 30to rotate.

The motor unit 3 according to this embodiment is a biaxial motor unit.As shown in FIG. 2 , the motor unit 3 includes two output structures,namely, a first output structure 31 and a second output structure 32, asoutput structures for outputting the rotational power. Each of the firstoutput structure 31 and the second output structure 32 is rotatablearound the right/left axis. The first output structure 31 rotates bybeing supplied with the rotational power of the input structure 30(i.e., the pedaling force). The second output structure 32 rotates to bepowered by the motor 53.

The motor unit 3 according to this embodiment further includes two drivesprockets, namely, a first drive sprocket 51 and a second drive sprocket52. The first drive sprocket 51 is fixed to the first output structure31. The first drive sprocket 51 rotates, along with the first outputstructure 31, around the right/left axis. The second drive sprocket 52is fixed to the second output structure 32. The second drive sprocket 52rotates, along with the second output structure 32, around theright/left axis.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the electric bicycle 1 according to this embodimentfurther includes a power transmission medium 19. The power transmissionmedium 19 transmits, to the rear sprocket 18, the rotational power ofthe first drive sprocket 51 and the rotational power of the second drivesprocket 52. In this embodiment, the power transmission medium 19 isimplemented as an endless chain. The power transmission medium 19 ishung around the first drive sprocket 51, the second drive sprocket 52,and the rear sprocket 18.

The rotational power of the first output structure 31 (see FIG. 2 ),which is rotated by the pedaling force applied to the input structure30, is transmitted to the rear wheel 11 via the first drive sprocket 51,the power transmission medium 19, and the rear sprocket 18. Transmittingthe rotational power of the first output structure 31 to the rear wheel11 in this manner causes the rear wheel 11 to turn in the direction inwhich the electric bicycle 1 travels forward.

The rotational power of the second output structure 32, which is rotatedby running the motor 53, is transmitted to the rear wheel 11 via thesecond drive sprocket 52, the power transmission medium 19, and the rearsprocket 18 in this order. That is to say, while the rider is pumpingthe pedals 17 and the motor 53 is running, the rotational power of thefirst output structure 31 and the rotational power of the second outputstructure 32 are transmitted to the rear wheel 11 via the powertransmission medium 19 and the rear sprocket 18. In that case, theresultant force, produced as the sum of the pedaling force applied tothe input structure 30 and the auxiliary driving force of the motor 53,causes the rear wheel 11 to turn in the direction in which the electricbicycle 1 travels forward.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the motor unit 3 according to this embodimentincludes not only the motor 53 but also a case 33, a speed reducermechanism 57, and a control board 34 as well. The case 33 forms theshell of the motor unit 3. The case 33 is made of a metallic materialsuch as aluminum or stainless steel.

The case 33 houses the input structure 30, the first output structure31, the motor 53, the speed reducer mechanism 57, the second outputstructure 32, and the control board 34. Note that each of the inputstructure 30, the first output structure 31, and the second outputstructure 32 is housed only partially in the case 33.

The case 33 according to this embodiment includes two members, namely, afirst divided part 331 and a second divided part 332. The first dividedpart 331 and the second divided part 332 are arranged side by side inthe rightward/leftward direction. The first divided part 331 accordingto this embodiment is located on the left of the second divided part332.

The first divided part 331 is formed as a bottomed tubular member, whichis open to the right (i.e., toward the second divided part 332). Thefirst divided part 331 has a first sidewall 333 and a first peripheralwall 334, which protrudes to the right from a peripheral edge of thefirst sidewall 333.

The second divided part 332 is formed in the shape of a bottomedcylinder, which is open to the left (i.e., toward the first divided part331). The second divided part 332 has a second sidewall 335 and a secondperipheral wall 336, which protrudes to the left from a peripheral edgeof the second sidewall 335.

The right end face of the first peripheral wall 334 constitutes a firstjoint surface 337. The left end face of the second peripheral wall 336constitutes a second joint surface 338. With the first joint surface 337and the second joint surface 338 joined together, the first divided part331 and the second divided part 332 are fixed together with bolts 38.

At the front-end portion of the case 33, the input structure 30 and thefirst output structure 31 are located. The input structure 30 is causedto rotate by external force transmitted thereto. The input structure 30according to this embodiment includes an input shaft 35 and atransmission mechanism 40. The input shaft 35 is caused to rotate by theexternal force transmitted thereto. The input structure 30 rotates alongwith the input shaft 35. The axial direction of the input shaft 35according to this embodiment is parallel to the rightward/leftwarddirection. The input shaft 35 penetrates through the first sidewall 333of the first divided part 331 and the second sidewall 335 of the seconddivided part 332. That is to say, the input shaft 35 runs through thecase 33 in the rightward/leftward direction.

As shown in FIG. 3 , the motor unit 3 according to this embodimentfurther includes a pair of bearings 36, 37. The pair of bearings 36, 37supports the input shaft 35 to allow the input shaft 35 to rotate aroundthe right/left axis. Each of the pair of bearings 36, 37 is implementedas a ball bearing. One bearing 36, out of the pair of bearings 36, 37,is attached to the first divided part 331 and arranged inside the case33. The bearing 36 directly supports the input shaft 35 thereon.

The other bearing 37, out of the pair of bearings 36, 37, is attached tothe second divided part 332 and arranged inside the case 33. The firstoutput structure 31 according to this embodiment is provided on theouter periphery of the input shaft 35 and supports the input shaft 35such that the input shaft 35 is rotatable around the right/left axis.Providing the first output structure 31 on the outer periphery of theinput shaft 35 reduces a significant increase in the overall size of themotor unit 3. The bearing 37 supports the first output structure 31 toallow the first output structure 31 to rotate around the right/leftaxis. That is to say, the bearing 37 supports the input shaft 35 via thefirst output structure 31.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the pair of crank arms 16 are respectively fixed tothe right and left end portions, protruding out of the case 33, of theinput shaft 35. The pedaling force applied to the pedals 17 (see FIG. 1) causes the input shaft 35 to rotate along with the pair of crank arms16.

The transmission mechanism 40 transmits the rotational power of theinput shaft 35 to the first output structure 31, thereby rotating thefirst output structure 31. The transmission mechanism 40 according tothis embodiment includes a transmission member 41 and a one-way clutch46. The transmission member 41 has an overall shape of a cylinder thatsurrounds the input shaft 35 and is provided on the outer periphery ofthe input shaft 35. The transmission member 41 and the first outputstructure 31 are arranged side by side in the rightward/leftwarddirection. The transmission member 41 is located on the left of thefirst output structure 31. The transmission member 41 is coupled to theinput shaft 35 and rotates along with the input shaft 35 around theright/left axis. The transmission member 41 rotates the first outputstructure 31 by transmitting the rotational power of the input shaft 35to the first output structure 31 via the one-way clutch 46.

As shown in FIG. 3 , the transmission member 41 according to thisembodiment includes two members, namely, a first member 411 and a secondmember 412. Each of the first member 411 and the second member 412 isformed in the shape of a cylinder, which is concentric with the inputshaft 35, and is provided on the outer periphery of the input shaft 35.

Part of the first member 411 is located on the left of the first jointsurface 337 and second joint surface 338 of the case 33. Specifically,the first member 411 according to this embodiment is mostly located onthe left of the first joint surface 337 and second joint surface 338,and only its right end portion is located on the right of the firstjoint surface 337 and second joint surface 338.

The first member 411 has a fitting portion 42. The fitting portion 42according to this embodiment is formed on an inner peripheral surface ofa left end portion of the first member 411. The input shaft 35 has afitting portion 43. The fitting portion 43 according to this embodimentis formed on the outer peripheral surface of a region, facing thefitting portion 42, of the input shaft 35. Each of the fitting portions42, 43 according to this embodiment is a spline and the fitting portion42 is fitted into the fitting portion 43, thus coupling the first member411 to the input shaft 35. That is to say, in this embodiment, thefitting portions 42, 43 together form a coupling portion where the inputshaft 35 and the transmission member 41 are coupled together. The firstmember 411 rotates along with the input shaft 35.

A gap 39 is left between a portion, located on the right of the fittingportion 42, of the first member 411 and the input shaft 35. This allows,when the motor unit 3 is assembled, the input shaft 35 to be insertedeasily into the first member 411 having the cylindrical shape.

The second member 412 is arranged beside the first member 411 in therightward/leftward direction. The second member 412 is located betweenthe first member 411 and the first output structure 31. That is to say,the first member 411, the second member 412, and the first outputstructure 31 are arranged in this order along the rotational axis of theinput shaft 35. The second member 412 is located on the right of thefirst joint surface 337 and second joint surface 338 of the case 33.

The second member 412 has a fitting portion 44. The fitting portion 44according to this embodiment is formed on an inner peripheral surface ofa left end portion of the second member 412. The first member 411 has afitting portion 45. The fitting portion 45 according to this embodimentis formed on the outer peripheral surface of a right end portion of thefirst member 411. Each of the fitting portions 44, 45 according to thisembodiment is a spline and the fitting portion 44 is fitted into thefitting portion 45, thus coupling the second member 412 to the firstmember 411 and allowing the second member 412 to rotate along with thefirst member 411. The second member 412 is coupled to the input shaft 35via the first member 411.

The first output structure 31 is located, in the rightward/leftwarddirection, on the right of the first joint surface 337 and second jointsurface 338 of the case 33. The first output structure 31 is formed inthe shape of a cylinder, which is concentric with the input shaft 35,and is provided on the outer periphery of the input shaft 35.

A left end portion of the first output structure 31 is provided on theouter periphery of a right end portion of the second member 412. Betweenthe left end portion of the first output structure 31 and the right endportion of the second member 412, the one-way clutch 46 is located. Theone-way clutch 46 may be implemented as, for example, a rachet one-wayclutch. The one-way clutch 46 allows the rotational power to betransmitted from the second member 412 to the first output structure 31only when the second member 412 rotates in one direction with respect tothe first output structure 31.

Specifically, if the rotational velocity of the second member 412 ishigher than the rotational velocity of the first output structure 31while the rear wheel 11 (see FIG. 1 ) is turning in the forwarddirection, the one-way clutch 46 allows the rotational power to betransmitted from the second member 412 to the first output structure 31.That is to say, while the rear wheel 11 is turning in the forwarddirection, the one-way clutch 46 allows the rotational power to betransmitted only from the second member 412 to the first outputstructure 31, not from the first output structure 31 to the secondmember 412. This reduces, when the rider stops pumping the pedals 17(see FIG. 1 ) while the motor 53 (see FIG. 2 ) is running, the chancesof the input shaft 35 and the crank arms 16, coupled to the input shaft35, continuing rotating by being powered by the motor 53.

The right end portion of the first output structure 31 penetratesthrough the second sidewall 335 of the second divided part 332. As shownin FIG. 2 , the first drive sprocket 51 is fixed onto the right endportion, protruding out of the case 33, of the first output structure31. The pedaling force applied from the pedals 17 to the input shaft 35via the crank arms 16 is transmitted to the first drive sprocket 51 viathe first member 411, the second member 412, the one-way clutch 46, andthe first output structure 31 in this order. That is to say, in thisembodiment, a human driving force transmission system for transmitting,to the first drive sprocket 51, the pedaling force applied from thecrank arms 16 to the motor unit 3 is formed by the input shaft 35, thetransmission mechanism 40, and the first output structure 31.

At the rear of the case 33, the motor 53, the speed reducer mechanism57, and the second output structure 32 are located. The motor 53 ishoused in the first divided part 331. The motor 53 includes a motorshaft 54, a rotor 55, and a stator 56.

The axis of the motor shaft 54 is parallel to the rightward/leftwarddirection. The left and right end portions of the motor shaft 54 arerespectively supported by a bearing 47 attached to the first dividedpart 331 and by a bearing 48 attached to the second divided part 332 tobe rotatable around the right/left axis.

The motor shaft 54 penetrates through the rotor 55 in therightward/leftward direction. The rotor 55 is fixed onto the motor shaft54 and rotates, along with the motor shaft 54, around the right/leftaxis. The stator 56 is provided on the outer periphery of the rotor 55.The stator 56 rotates the rotor 55.

The speed reducer mechanism 57 transmits the rotational power of themotor shaft 54 to the second output structure 32 to make the rotationalvelocity of the second output structure 32 lower than that of the motorshaft 54. The speed reducer mechanism 57 according to this embodimentincludes a gear 58 and a one-way clutch 59. The gear 58 is rotatablearound the right/left axis. On the outer peripheral surface of the gear58, provided is a tooth portion 580 with a plurality of teeth. Inaddition, on the outer peripheral surface of a portion, protruding tothe right from the rotor 55, of the motor shaft 54, provided is a toothportion 540 with a plurality of teeth. The tooth portion 580 and thetooth portion 540 mesh with each other. This allows the rotational powerof the motor shaft 54 to be transmitted to the gear 58, thus turning thegear 58 such that the gear 58 is interlocked with the motor shaft 54.The number of teeth of the tooth portion 580 is larger than the numberof teeth of the tooth portion 540.

The second output structure 32 according to this embodiment isimplemented as a shaft, of which the axis is parallel to therightward/leftward direction. The motor unit 3 according to thisembodiment further includes a pair of bearings 60, 61. The pair ofbearings 60, 61 supports the second output structure 32 to allow thesecond output structure 32 to rotate around the right/left axis. Each ofthe pair of bearings 60, 61 is implemented as a ball bearing.

The pair of bearings 60, 61 are located inside the case 33. One of thepair of bearings 60, 61 is attached to a bearing supporting portion3312, which forms part of the first divided part 331. The other bearing61 is attached to the second divided part 332. The one bearing 60 may beattached to the first divided part 331 either directly or indirectlywith another member interposed between them. The other bearing 61 may beattached to the second divided part 332 either directly or indirectlywith another member interposed between them.

Optionally, the bearing supporting portion 3312 may be providedseparately from the first divided part 331. In that case, the bearingsupporting portion 3312 is attached to the first divided part 331. Thebearing supporting portion 3312 is attached to the first divided part331 by either fitting or fixing with a fixing member such as a screw.The bearing supporting portion 3312 may be made of the same metallicmaterial as the first divided part 331. Alternatively, the bearingsupporting portion 3312 may be made of a different material from thefirst divided part 331. For example, if the first divided part 331 ismade of a metallic material, then the bearing supporting portion 3312may be made of a resin. This reduces the weight of the bearingsupporting portion 3312, thus making the motor unit 3 more lightweight.

The first divided part 331 includes a motor case portion 3313 protrudingto the left. The motor case portion 3313 covers the stator 56 and rotor55 of the motor 53. To the motor case portion 3313, attached is abearing 47 of the motor shaft 54. The motor case portion 3313 is incontact with the stator 56 of the motor 53. The heat generated by thestator 56 is dissipated into the outside air through the motor caseportion 3313. The motor case portion 3313 is formed integrally with thefirst divided part 331. Optionally, the motor case portion 3313 may beprovided separately from the first divided part 331. In that case, themotor case portion 3313 is attached to the first divided part 331 with afixing member such as a screw.

The motor case portion 3313 is open to the right (i.e., toward thesecond divided part 332). The stator 56 of the motor 53 is arranged inthe same space as the internal space of the case 33 which is formed bythe first divided part 331 and the second divided part 332.

The one-way clutch 59 is provided on the outer periphery of the secondoutput structure 32. On the outer periphery of the one-way clutch 59,the gear 58 is provided. That is to say, the one-way clutch 59 islocated between the second output structure 32 and the gear 58. Theone-way clutch 59 according to this embodiment is implemented as arachet one-way clutch. The one-way clutch 59 allows the rotational powerto be transmitted from the gear 58 to the second output structure 32only when the gear 58 rotates in one direction with respect to thesecond output structure 32.

Specifically, if the rotational velocity of the gear 58 is higher thanthe rotational velocity of the second output structure 32 while the rearwheel 11 (see FIG. 1 ) is turning in the forward direction, the one-wayclutch 59 allows the rotational power to be transmitted from the gear 58to the second output structure 32. That is to say, while the rear wheel11 is turning in the forward direction, the one-way clutch 59 allows therotational power to be transmitted only from the gear 58 to the secondoutput structure 32, not from the second output structure 32 to the gear58. This reduces, when the motor 53 stops running and the rider pumpsthe pedals 17 (see FIG. 1 ), for example, the chances of the motor shaft54 and the rotor 55 rotating, thus reducing the pedaling force to beapplied to turn the rear wheel 11, compared to a situation where therotational power is transmitted from the second output structure 32 tothe gear 58.

The right end portion of the second output structure 32 penetratesthrough the second sidewall 335 of the second divided part 332. Thesecond drive sprocket 52 is fixed onto the right end portion, protrudingout of the case 33, of the second output structure 32.

When the rotational power of the gear 58 is transmitted to the secondoutput structure 32 via the one-way clutch 59, the rotational power ofthe motor shaft 54 is transmitted to the second drive sprocket 52 viathe gear 58, the one-way clutch 59, and the second output structure 32in this order. This causes the second drive sprocket 52 to rotate, thustransmitting the auxiliary driving power of the motor 53 to the rearwheel 11.

When viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction, thecontrol board 34 overlaps at least partially with the gear 58.Optionally, the control board 34 may overlap entirely with the gear 58when viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction.Providing the control board 34 at such a position allows the controlboard 34 to be brought closer to the torque detection unit 62 along theaxis of the input shaft 35, thus enabling the torque detection unit 62and the control board 34 to be interconnected with a shorter cable.

The control board 34 according to this embodiment is implemented as aprinted wiring board. The thickness of the control board 34 is parallelto the rightward/leftward direction. The control board 34 has a boardsurface, which is one of the two surfaces along the thickness of thecontrol board 34. The control board 34 may be arranged such that theboard surface of the control board 34 extends in a directionintersecting with the input shaft 35. The control board 34 is located onthe left of the first joint surface 337 and second joint surface 338 ofthe case 33. The control board 34 overlaps with the first member 411when viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction.

The control board 34 includes a control unit for controlling the motor53. The control unit controls the operation of the respective elementsby executing a program stored in a storage device such as a read-onlymemory (ROM). The battery 14 (see FIG. 1 ) is electrically connected tothe control unit such that the control unit is powered by the battery14. The stator 56 is electrically connected to the control unit. Thecontrol board 34 according to this embodiment includes either aswitching element such as a field-effect transistor (FET) or amicrocomputer.

The motor unit 3 according to this embodiment further includes thetorque detection unit 62, the rotation detection unit 63, and a motorrotation detection unit 640. The torque detection unit 62 detects thetorque (rotational power) of the input structure 30. The rotationdetection unit 63 detects the rotational state (such as a rotationalposition or the rotational velocity) of the input structure 30. Themotor rotation detection unit 640 detects the rotational state (such asa rotational position or the rotational velocity) of the motor 53.

Each of the torque detection unit 62, the rotation detection unit 63,and the motor rotation detection unit 640 is electrically connected tothe control unit. The control unit controls the motor 53 based theinformation detected by the torque detection unit 62, the rotationdetection unit 63, and the motor rotation detection unit 640.Specifically, on detecting, based on the torque of the first member 411as detected by the torque detection unit 62, that a torque has beengenerated in the input structure 30, the control unit supplies power tothe stator 56, thereby running the motor 53. In addition, based on thetorque of the first member 411 detected by the torque detection unit 62and the rotational position of the motor 53 detected by the motorrotation detection unit 640 while the motor 53 is running, the controlunit controls the rotational velocity of the motor shaft 54.Furthermore, on detecting, based on the information detected by therotation detection unit 63 (such as the rotational position of adetection target 90 to be described later), that the input structure 30is not rotating, the control unit stops supplying electric power to thestator 56, thus stopping rotating the motor shaft 54.

As shown in FIG. 3 , the torque detection unit 62 is provided on theouter periphery of the input structure 30. The torque detection unit 62according to this embodiment is located on the right of the couplingportion where the input shaft 35 and the transmission member 41 arecoupled together (i.e., on the right of the fitting portions 42, 43).Also, the torque detection unit 62 is located on the left of the secondmember 412 and on the left of the first joint surface 337 and secondjoint surface 338 of the case 33.

The torque detection unit 62 according to this embodiment is implementedas a magnetostrictive torque sensor, which includes a magnetostrictiongenerating portion 620, a coil 621, and a coil housing 622. Themagnetostriction generating portion 620 is a member imparted withmagnetic anisotropy and is formed on the outer peripheral surface of thefirst member 411. The magnetostriction generating portion 620 may beformed spirally to define an angle of 45 degrees with respect to therightward/leftward direction, for example. The coil 621 is arranged tobe somewhat spaced from a region on the outer peripheral surface of thefirst member 411 where the magnetostriction generating portion 620 isprovided. The coil housing 622 is provided to cover the coil 621. Thecoil 621 and the coil housing 622 are supported by either the case 33 ora member attached to the case 33, for example.

When the torque of the input shaft 35 is transmitted to the first member411, the magnetostriction generating portion 620 provided for the firstmember 411 is strained, thus producing a portion with increasedpermeability and a portion with decreased permeability. Thus, the torqueof the first member 411 may be detected as a piece of informationrepresenting the torque of the input shaft 35 by measuring a differencein inductance of the coil 621.

The weight of the rider could be applied as downward force from thepedals 17 to the input shaft 35 via the crank arms 16. This force wouldconstitute disturbance when the torque of the input shaft 35 isdetected. Also, unlike the second member 412, the first member 411 isnot adjacent to the one-way clutch 46, thus making the vibration causedby the one-way clutch 46 hardly transmissible to the first member 411.Therefore, the torque of the input shaft 35 may be detectedappropriately by detecting the torque of the first member 411 as is donein this embodiment.

The rotation detection unit 63 includes: a detection target 630 whichrotates either along with, or while interlocking with, the inputstructure 30; and a detection unit 631 for detecting a rotational state(such as a rotational position or rotational velocity) of the detectiontarget 630. As used herein, if something “rotates along with” somethingelse, then it means that these two things rotate around the samerotational axis. Also, if something “rotates while interlocking with”something else, then it means that these two things rotate around twodifferent rotational axes. The detection target 630 according to thisembodiment rotates while interlocking with the input structure 30.

The rotation detection unit 63 according to this embodiment includes arotator 632 including the detection target 630. The rotator 632 isrotatable around the right/left axis. The rotator 632 is arranged besidethe input structure 30 in a direction perpendicular to therightward/leftward direction. The rotational axis of the rotator 632 andthe rotational axis of the input structure 30 are located at differentpositions in the direction perpendicular to the rightward/leftwarddirection.

The rotator 632 according to this embodiment includes a body 633 and thedetection target 630. The body 633 is a shaft extending parallel to therightward/leftward direction. The case 33 includes a pair of supportingportions 65, 66 for supporting the body 633 such that the body 633 isrotatable around the right/left axis. One supporting portion 65, out ofthe pair of supporting portions 65, 66, is provided for the firstdivided part 331, while the other supporting portion 66 is provided forthe second divided part 332.

The body 633 includes a bulge portion 634. The bulge portion 634 isprovided as an intermediate portion in the rightward/leftward directionof the body 633. The bulge portion 634 is formed in the shape of acircular disk, which is larger than the rest of the body 633 when viewedin the rightward/leftward direction. The bulge portion 634 includes atooth portion 635. The tooth portion 635 has a plurality of teeth, whichare provided on the outer peripheral surface of the bulge portion 634.

The second member 412 includes a tooth portion 413. The tooth portion413 has a plurality of teeth, which are provided on the outer peripheralsurface at a left end portion of the second member 412. The toothportion 413 rotates around the rotational axis, aligned with therotational axis of the input shaft 35, of the second member 412. Thetooth portion 413 meshes with the tooth portion 635. This allows thebody 633 (rotator 632) to rotate while interlocking with the secondmember 412. That is to say, a rotational member that rotates along withthe input shaft 35 is constituted by the second member 412, with whichthe rotator 632 rotates to interlock. Note that the rotational member towhich the rotator 632 is coupled may be a member located closer to theinput end than the one-way clutch 46 is in an input transmission systemformed by the input shaft 35, the transmission mechanism 40, and thefirst output structure 31. For example, the rotational member may be thefirst member 411 or may also be a part of the input shaft 35.

The number of teeth of the tooth portion 635 is smaller than the numberof teeth of the tooth portion 413. This makes the rotational velocity ofthe rotator 632 higher than the rotational velocity of the second member412 when the rotator 632 rotates while interlocking with the secondmember 412.

The detection target 630 is attached on the outer peripheral surface ofa left end portion of the body 633. The detection target 630 rotates,along with the body 633, around the right/left axis. The detectiontarget 630 according to this embodiment may be implemented as either amember, in which a plurality of magnets are embedded such that themagnetic poles alternate along the circumference thereof, or a magnet,which is magnetized such that the magnetic poles alternate along thecircumference thereof.

The detection target 630 is located on the left of the control board 34and overlaps with the torque detection unit 62 when viewedperpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction. The control board34 overlaps with the torque detection unit 62 when viewedperpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction. The detectiontarget 630 is arranged at a position where the detection target 630partially overlaps with the magnetostriction generating portion 620 andthe coil 621 when viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftwarddirection. Note that the detection target 630 may overlap with at leastone of the magnetostriction generating portion 620 or the coil 621 whenviewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction.

Alternatively, the detection target 630 may also be arranged at aposition where either at least a right end portion thereof or only theright end portion thereof overlaps with the magnetostriction generatingportion 620 or the coil 621 when viewed perpendicularly to therightward/leftward direction. This allows the detection target 630 andthe control board 34 to be arranged closer to the first divided part331, thus allowing the space inside the case 33 to be made effective useof.

The detection unit 631 according to this embodiment is implemented as ahole integrated circuit (IC) for detecting the magnetic force of themagnets included in the detection target 630. The detection unit 631 ismounted on the left surface, which is one of two surfaces along thethickness, of the control board 34. The detection unit 631 is arrangedbeside the detection target 630 in the rightward/leftward direction andfaces the detection target 630. The detection unit 631 detects therotational position of the detection target 630 by detecting a variationin magnetic field, which is involved with the rotation of the detectiontarget 630.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the motor unit 3 according to this embodimentfurther includes a motor detection unit 64 including a motor rotationdetection unit 640. The motor detection unit 64 further includes arotator 641 in addition to the motor rotation detection unit 640.

The rotator 641 is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the motorshaft 54 and rotates along with the motor shaft 54 around the right/leftaxis. The rotator 641 is located between the rotor 55 and the gear 58.The rotator 641 is located on the left of the control board 34 andoverlaps with the torque detection unit 62 when viewed perpendicularlyto the rightward/leftward direction. The rotator 641 may be implementedas either a member, in which a plurality of magnets are embedded suchthat the magnetic poles alternate along the circumference thereof, or amagnet, which is magnetized such that the magnetic poles alternate alongthe circumference thereof.

The motor rotation detection unit 640 according to this embodiment isimplemented as a hole integrated circuit (IC) for detecting the magneticforce of the magnets included in the rotator 641. The motor rotationdetection unit 640 is mounted on the left surface of the control board34. Alternatively, the motor rotation detection unit 640 may be mountedon the right surface of the control board 34.

In this embodiment, the motor rotation detection unit 640 and thedetection unit 631 of the rotation detection unit 63 are mounted on thesame control board 34. This eliminates the need to separately providecables for connecting the motor rotation detection unit 640 and therotation detection unit 63 to the control board 34, thus reducing thenumber of members to be arranged in the case 33 and also reducing asignificant increase in the overall size of the motor unit 3. Inaddition, in this embodiment, the motor rotation detection unit 640 andthe detection unit 631 of the rotation detection unit 63 are mounted onthe same surface of the control board 34. This facilitates mounting thedetection unit 631 of the rotation detection unit 63 and the motorrotation detection unit 640 onto the control board 34.

The motor rotation detection unit 640 is arranged beside the rotator 641in the rightward/leftward direction and faces the rotator 641. The motorrotation detection unit 640 detects the rotational position of therotator 641 by detecting a variation in magnetic field, which isinvolved with the rotation of the rotator 641.

When the motor unit 3 is assembled, for example, the members to bearranged in the case 33 are incorporated from the left (i.e., from thesecond joint surface 338) into the second divided part 332, and then thefirst joint surface 337 of the first divided part 331 and the secondjoint surface 338 of the second divided part 332 are joined together. Inthis embodiment, the detection target 630 of the rotation detection unit63 overlaps with the torque detection unit 62 when viewedperpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction (i.e., a directionaligned with the input shaft 35) as shown in FIG. 3 . This allows thedetection target 630 and the detection unit 631 for detecting avariation in magnetic field thereof to be arranged, as well as thetorque detection unit 62, on the left beside the first divided part 331.This facilitates, when the motor unit 3 is assembled, incorporating thetorque detection unit 62, the detection target 630, and the detectionunit 631 into the second divided part 332.

As shown in FIG. 2 , in this embodiment, the rotator 641 of the motordetection unit 64 also overlaps with the torque detection unit 62 whenviewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction. In addition,in this embodiment, the detection target 630 of the rotation detectionunit 63 and the rotator 641 of the motor detection unit 64 are locatedon the left of the first joint surface 337 and second joint surface 338of the case 33.

Furthermore, in this embodiment, the rotational axis of the rotator 632and the rotational axis of the input structure 30 are located atmutually different positions in the direction perpendicular to therightward/leftward direction. Thus, setting the rotational velocity ofthe rotator 632 at a value greater than the rotational velocity of theinput structure 30 as is done in this embodiment allows the detectionprecision (resolution) of the rotation detection unit 63 to be improvedwith the number of magnetic poles provided for the detection target 630reduced. Alternatively, the rotational velocity of the rotator 632 maybe set a value less than the rotational velocity of the input structure30. In that case, the detection precision of the rotation detection unit63 may be improved by increasing the diameter of the detection target630 and the number of magnetic poles provided for the detection target630.

Also, the second member 412 constituting the rotational member accordingto this embodiment and the rotator 632 interlocking with the secondmember 412 rotate even when the one-way clutch 46 does not allow therotational power to be transmitted from the first output structure 31 tothe input shaft 35. Thus, the rotational state of the input shaft 35 maybe detected appropriately by having the detection unit 631 detect therotational state of the rotator 632 that rotates while interlocking withthe second member 412.

As shown in FIG. 3 , a wall portion 3311 is provided as a partitionbetween the detection target 630 and the coil 621 of the torquedetection unit 62. The wall portion 3311 reduces the chances of themagnetic force applied by the magnets in the detection target 630affecting the coil 621 of the torque detection unit 62. That is to say,this reduces the chances of the magnetic force of the magnets includedin the detection target 630 causing a decline in the accuracy of atorque detection value obtained by the torque detection unit 62. Thewall portion 3311 may either form an integral part of the first dividedpart 331 or be provided separately from the first divided part 331,whichever is appropriate. The wall portion 3311 is suitably made of asoft magnetic material such as iron. Using a soft magnetic material suchas iron further reduces the chances of the magnetic force of the magnetsincluded in the detection target 630 causing a decline in the accuracyof the torque detection value obtained by the torque detection unit 62.

In this case, as measured in the forward/backward direction that isperpendicular to the rotational axis of the input shaft 35, a distanceL1 from the rotator 632 (specifically, a point, closest to the motorrotation detection unit 640, on the rotator 632) to the motor rotationdetection unit 640 is suitably equal to or less than a distance L2 froma point 642, most distant from the motor rotation detection unit 640, onthe input shaft 35 to the motor rotation detection unit 640 as shown inFIGS. 4A and 4B. In this case, the dimension as measured in theforward/backward direction of the control board 34 may be decreased byshortening the distance between the motor rotation detection unit 640and the detection unit 631 corresponding to the rotator 632. Note thatthe rotator 632 may be arranged behind the point 642 either entirely asshown in FIG. 4A or only partially as shown in FIG. 4B, whichever isappropriate.

(Variations)

Next, variations of the exemplary embodiment described above will beenumerated one after another. In the following description of the firstto fifth variations, any constituent element of each of thesevariations, having the same function as a counterpart of the firstembodiment described above, will be designated by the same referencenumeral as that counterpart's, and description thereof will be omittedherein.

(First Variation)

FIG. 5 illustrates a motor unit 3A according to a first variation. Themotor unit 3A has the same configuration as the motor unit 3 (see FIG. 2) according to the exemplary embodiment described above except that themotor unit 3A includes a second member 412A instead of the second member412 and a rotational member 70. The second member 412A has the sameconfiguration as the second member 412 except that the second member412A does not have the tooth portion 413 according to the exemplaryembodiment described above.

The rotational member 70 is formed in the shape of a circular ring,which is concentric with the second member 412A. The rotational member70 is provided on the outer periphery of a left end portion of thesecond member 412A. The rotational member 70 is fixed to the secondmember 412A and rotates, along with the second member 412A, around theright/left axis. On the outer peripheral surface of the rotationalmember 70, formed is a tooth portion 71 with a plurality of teeth.

The tooth portion 71 meshes with the tooth portion 635 of the rotator632. This allows the body 633 (i.e., the rotator 632) to be coupled tothe rotational member 70 and rotate while interlocking with therotational member 70. That is to say, in this variation, the rotationalmember 70 constitutes a rotating portion that rotates along with theinput shaft 35. The rotator 632 including the detection target 630rotates while interlocking with the rotational member 70. The number ofteeth of the tooth portion 635 is smaller than the number of teeth ofthe tooth portion 71.

(Second Variation)

FIG. 6 illustrates a motor unit 3B according to a second variation. Themotor unit 3B has the same configuration as the motor unit 3 (see FIG. 2) according to the exemplary embodiment described above except that themotor unit 3B includes a rotation detection unit 63B instead of therotation detection unit 63 and a second member 412B instead of thesecond member 412. The second member 412B has the same configuration asthe second member 412 except that the second member 412B does not havethe tooth portion 413 according to the exemplary embodiment describedabove.

The rotation detection unit 63B according to this variation is anoptical rotation detector. The rotation detection unit 63B includes: arotational member 72 that rotates along with the input structure 30; anddetection unit 631B for detecting the rotational state (such as arotational position or rotational velocity) of the rotational member 72.

The rotational member 72 is formed in the shape of a circular ring,which is concentric with the second member 412B. The rotational member72 is provided on the outer periphery of a left end portion of thesecond member 412B. The rotational member 72 is fixed to the secondmember 412B and rotates, along with the second member 412B, around theright/left axis. The rotational member 72 protrudes to the left from thesecond member 412B and is provided on the outer periphery of the torquedetection unit 62.

The rotational member 72 includes a detection target 630B. The detectiontarget 630B protrudes from a left end portion of the rotational member72 toward the outer periphery. The detection target 630B includes alight transmitting portion 73. The light transmitting portion 73 haslight transmitting property. The light transmitting portion 73 isprovided at an end portion of the outer periphery of the detectiontarget 630B, for example, and may be configured as a plurality ofcutouts or holes arranged along the circumference of the rotationalmember 72. When viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftwarddirection, the detection target 630B overlaps with the magnetostrictiongenerating portion 620 and the coil 621. Note that the detection target630B may overlap with at least one of the magnetostriction generatingportion 620 or the coil 621 when viewed perpendicularly to therightward/leftward direction.

The detection unit 631B is implemented as an optical sensor. Thedetection unit 631B is mounted on the left surface of the control board34 and is located inside the case 33. The detection unit 631B overlapswith the torque detection unit 62 when viewed perpendicularly to therightward/leftward direction. The detection unit 631B includes alight-emitting unit 74 and a photodetector unit 75. The light-emittingunit 74 and the photodetector unit 75 are arranged side by side in therightward/leftward direction. Between the light-emitting unit 74 and thephotodetector unit 75, the detection target 630B is provided. Thedetection unit 631B detects the rotational position of the rotationalmember 72 by having the light-emitting unit 74 emit light toward thephotodetector unit 75 and by having the photodetector unit 75 receivethe light transmitted through the light transmitting portion 73.Alternatively, the rotation detection unit 63B may also be implementedas any other optical rotation sensor. Furthermore, the rotationdetection unit 63B does not have to be an optical rotation sensor.

The rotator 632 may be omitted from the motor unit 3B according to thisvariation.

(Third Variation)

FIG. 7 illustrates a motor unit 3C according to a third variation. Themotor unit 3C has the same configuration as the motor unit 3 (see FIG. 2) according to the exemplary embodiment described above except that themotor unit 3C includes a rotation detection unit 63C instead of therotation detection unit 63 and a second member 412C instead of thesecond member 412. The second member 412C has the same configuration asthe second member 412 except that the second member 412C does not havethe tooth portion 413 according to the exemplary embodiment describedabove.

The rotation detection unit 63C according to this variation is anoptical rotation detector. The rotation detection unit 63C includes: arotational member 76 that rotates along with the input structure 30; anddetection unit 631C for detecting the rotational state (such as arotational position or rotational velocity) of the rotational member 76.The rotational member 76 may have the same configuration as therotational member 72 according to the second variation.

The detection unit 631C may have the same configuration as the detectionunit 631B according to the second variation. Nevertheless, the detectionunit 631C is not mounted on the control board 34 but is fixed onto thecase 33 (first divided part 331) inside the case 33. The detection unit631C is electrically connected to the control unit of the control board34.

The rotator 632 may be omitted from the motor unit 3C according to thisvariation.

(Fourth Variation)

FIG. 8 illustrates a motor unit 3D according to a fourth variation. Themotor unit 3D has the same configuration as the motor unit 3 (see FIG. 2) according to the exemplary embodiment described above except that themotor unit 3D includes a rotation detection unit 63D instead of therotation detection unit 63 according to the exemplary embodiment and asecond member 412D instead of the second member 412 according to theexemplary embodiment. The second member 412D has the same configurationas the second member 412 except that the second member 412D does nothave the tooth portion 413 according to the exemplary embodimentdescribed above.

The rotation detection unit 63D according to this variation is anoptical rotation detector. The rotation detection unit 63D includes: arotational member 77 that rotates along with the input structure 30; anddetection unit 631D for detecting the rotational state (such as arotational position or rotational velocity) of the rotational member 77.

The rotational member 77 is formed in the shape of a circular ring,which is concentric with the input shaft 35. The rotational member 77 isprovided on the outer periphery of the input shaft 35 and is provided onthe left of the first member 411 and the torque detection unit 62 (i.e.,opposite from the first output structure 31). The rotational member 77is fixed to the input shaft 35 and rotates, along with the input shaft35, around the right/left axis.

The rotational member 77 includes a detection target 630D. The detectiontarget 630D protrudes from a left end portion of the rotational member77 toward the outer periphery.

The detection target 630D includes a light transmitting portion 78. Thelight transmitting portion 78 has light transmitting property. The lighttransmitting portion 78 is provided at an end portion of the outerperiphery of the detection target 630D, for example, and may beconfigured as a plurality of cutouts or holes arranged along thecircumference of the rotational member 72.

The detection unit 631D has the same configuration as the detection unit631B according to the second variation except that the detection unit631D is not mounted on the control board 34 but is fixed to the case 33.

The detection target 630D of the motor unit 3D according to thisvariation is provided on the left of the coupling portion where theinput shaft 35 and the transmission member 41 are coupled together(i.e., on the left of the fitting portions 42, 43), thus allowing anample space to be left in an intermediate region in therightward/leftward direction inside the case 33. Thus, the control board34 may be arranged in the intermediate region, a member of a large size(e.g., a tall member) such as an electrolytic capacitor may be arrangedon the control board 34, and a plurality of boards may be arranged, thusallowing the space inside the case 33 to be made effective use of. Inaddition, the detection target 630D and the detection unit 631 fordetecting the detection target 630D, as well as the torque detectionunit 62, may also be arranged on the left beside the first divided part331. The rotator 632 may be omitted from the motor unit 3D according tothis variation. Optionally, the detection unit 631D according to thisvariation, as well as the detection unit 631B according to the secondvariation, may be mounted on the control board 34.

(Fifth Variation)

FIG. 9 illustrates a motor unit 3E according to a fifth variation. Themotor unit 3E according to this variation is a uniaxial motor unit thatdoes not include the second output structure 32 (see FIG. 2 ) accordingto the exemplary embodiment. Note that the motor unit 3E includes thesame constituent elements as the motor unit 3 according to the exemplaryembodiment. Thus, in the following description, any constituent elementof the motor unit 3E, having the same function as a counterpart of themotor unit 3, will not be described all over again.

The motor unit 3E includes an output structure 31E instead of the firstoutput structure 31. In this variation, the motor 53 is provided in afront part of the case 33 and the input structure 30 and the outputstructure 31E are provided in a rear end portion of the case 33.

The output structure 31E has the same configuration as the first outputstructure 31 except that the output structure 31E includes a toothportion 84 with a plurality of teeth. The tooth portion 84 is providedon the outer peripheral surface of a left end portion of the outputstructure 31E and is located inside the case 33.

The motor unit 3E according to this variation includes a speed reducermechanism 57E instead of the speed reducer mechanism 57 according to theexemplary embodiment. The speed reducer mechanism 57E is housed insidethe case 33. The speed reducer mechanism 57E transmits the rotationalpower of the motor shaft 54 to the output structure 31E to make therotational velocity of the output structure 31E lower than that of themotor shaft 54. The speed reducer mechanism 57E includes a transmissionshaft 80, a one-way clutch 83, a first transmission gear 81, and asecond transmission gear 82.

The transmission shaft 80 extends parallel to the rightward/leftwarddirection. The transmission shaft 80 is supported by either the case 33or a bearing attached to the case 33 to be rotatable around theright/left axis. The one-way clutch 83 is provided on the outerperiphery of the transmission shaft 80 and the first transmission gear81 is provided on the outer periphery of the one-way clutch 83. That isto say, the one-way clutch 83 is located between the transmission shaft80 and the first transmission gear 81.

The first transmission gear 81 is supported by the one-way clutch 83 tobe rotatable around the right/left axis. The first transmission gear 81includes a tooth portion 810 with a plurality of teeth. The toothportion 810 is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the firsttransmission gear 81. The tooth portion 810 meshes with the toothportion 540 of the motor shaft 54. This causes the first transmissiongear 81 to rotate by the rotational power transmitted from the motorshaft 54. The number of teeth of the tooth portion 810 is larger thanthe number of teeth of the tooth portion 540.

The second transmission gear 82 is provided on the outer periphery of aregion, located on the right of the one-way clutch 83 and the firsttransmission gear 81, of the transmission shaft 80. The secondtransmission gear 82 is fixed to the transmission shaft 80 and rotates,along with the transmission shaft 80, around the right/left axis. Thesecond transmission gear 82 includes a tooth portion 820 with aplurality of teeth. The tooth portion 820 is provided on the outerperipheral surface of the second transmission gear 82.

The tooth portion 820 of the second transmission gear 82 meshes with thetooth portion 84 of the output structure 31E, thus allowing therotational power of the first transmission gear 81 to be transmitted tothe output structure 31E. The number of teeth of the tooth portion 820of the second transmission gear 82 is smaller than the number of teethof the tooth portion 810 of the first transmission gear 81.

The one-way clutch 83 may be implemented as, for example, a rachetone-way clutch. The one-way clutch 83 allows the rotational power to betransmitted from the first transmission gear 81 to the transmissionshaft 80 only when the first transmission gear 81 rotates in onedirection with respect to the transmission shaft 80.

Specifically, if the rotational velocity of the first transmission gear81 is higher than the rotational velocity of the transmission shaft 80while the rear wheel 11 (see FIG. 1 ) is turning in the forwarddirection, the one-way clutch 83 allows the rotational power to betransmitted from the first transmission gear 81 to the transmissionshaft 80. That is to say, while the rear wheel 11 is turning in theforward direction, the one-way clutch 83 allows the rotational power tobe transmitted only from the first transmission gear 81 to thetransmission shaft 80, not from the transmission shaft 80 to the firsttransmission gear 81. This reduces, when the motor 53 stops running andthe rider pumps the pedals 17 (see FIG. 1 ), for example, the chances ofthe motor shaft 54 and the rotor 55 rotating, thus reducing the pedalingforce to be applied to turn the rear wheel 11, compared to a situationwhere the rotational power is transmitted from the transmission shaft 80to the first transmission gear 81.

When the rotational power of the first transmission gear 81 istransmitted to the transmission shaft 80 via the one-way clutch 83, therotational power of the motor shaft 54 is transmitted to the outputstructure 31E via the first transmission gear 81, the one-way clutch 83,the transmission shaft 80, and the second transmission gear 82. Thus,while the rider is pumping the pedals 17 (see FIG. 1 ) and the motor 53is running, the resultant force, produced as the sum of the rotationalpower of the second member 412 rotating with the pedaling force appliedthereto and the rotational power of the second transmission gear 82driven in rotation by the motor 53, causes the output structure 31E torotate. This rotational power of the output structure 31E allows theelectric bicycle 1 to turn its wheels in the forward travelingdirection.

The control board 34 overlaps with the first transmission gear 81 whenviewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction. Note thatthe control board 34 may at least partially overlap with the firsttransmission gear 81 when viewed perpendicularly to therightward/leftward direction. Providing the control board 34 at such aposition allows the control board 34 to be brought closer to the torquedetection unit 62 along the axis of the input shaft 35, thus enablingthe torque detection unit 62 and the control board 34 to beinterconnected with a shorter cable. Furthermore, a cable extensionportion of the torque detection unit 62 is suitably arranged on theright (closer to the second divided part 332) along the axis of theinput structure 30. This allows the torque detection unit 62 and thecontrol board 34 to be interconnected with an even shorter cable.

The motor unit 3E according to this variation includes a rotationdetection unit 63E instead of the rotation detection unit 63 accordingto the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 10 , the rotation detectionunit 63E includes: a rotator 632E including a detection target 630E; anda detection unit 631E. The detection target 630E, the rotator 632E, andthe detection unit 631E may have the same configuration as the detectiontarget 630, the rotator 632, and the detection unit 631, respectively,according to the first embodiment except that the rotator 632E islocated behind the input structure 30 and that a right end portion ofthe rotator 632E is supported by a supporting portion 85 attached to thecase 33 to be rotatable around the right/left axis.

(Other Variations)

The motor units 3, 3A-3E and electric bicycles 1 according to theexemplary embodiment and its variations described above may have theirdesign changed as appropriate.

For example, in the exemplary embodiment and the first, second, thirdand fifth variations described above, the detection target 630, 630B,630C, 630E overlaps entirely with only a part of the torque detectionunit 62 when viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftward direction.However, this is only an example of the present disclosure and shouldnot be construed as limiting. Alternatively, only part of the detectiontarget 630, 630B, 630C, 630E may overlap with part or all of the torquedetection unit 62. Optionally, the detection target 630, 630B, 630C,630E may overlap either entirely, or only partially, with themagnetostriction generating portion 620 or coil 621 of the torquedetection unit 62 when viewed perpendicularly to the rightward/leftwarddirection.

Also, the rotation detection unit 63, 63E does not have to beimplemented as a rotation detector including magnets and a hole IC.Alternatively, the rotation detection unit 63, 63E may also beimplemented as an optical rotation detector such as the rotationdetection units 63B-63D according to the second to fourth variations.Furthermore, the rotation detection units 63B-63D do not have to beoptical rotation detectors but may also include magnets and a hole IC asin the exemplary embodiment described above.

Furthermore, each of the detection unit 631, 631C and the motor rotationdetection unit 640 does not have to be implemented as a hole IC but mayalso be a hole element or a magnetoresistance (MR) element, for example.

Optionally, the first member 411 may be located in its entirety on theleft of the first joint surface 337 and the second joint surface 338.

Furthermore, the rotator 632, 632E may also be arranged at such aposition where when measured perpendicularly to the rotational axis ofthe input shaft 35, the distance L1 from the rotator 632, 632E to themotor rotation detection unit 640 is longer than the distance L2 from apoint, most distant from the motor rotation detection unit 640, on theinput shaft 35 to the motor rotation detection unit 640.

Furthermore, the rotator 641 (see FIG. 2 ) has only to be a member thatrotates along with, or interlocks with, the motor shaft 54 of the motor53. For example, the rotator 641 may also be a member that rotates whilemeshing with the motor shaft 54 or the rotor 55.

Furthermore, the case 33 may also be made of a non-metallic material.The material for the case 33 is not limited to any particular material.

Furthermore, the fitting portions 42, 43 do not have to be splines butmay also be serrations, for example. Optionally, one of the fittingportions 42, 43 may be an external thread and the other fitting portion42, 43 may be an internal thread. Likewise, the fitting portions 44, 45do not have to be splines but may also be serrations, for example.Optionally, one of the fitting portions 44, 45 may be an external threadand the other fitting portion 44, 45 may be an internal thread.

Furthermore, each of the one-way clutches 46, 59, 83 may be implementedas a roller-type one-way clutch or a sprag-type one-way clutch, forexample.

Furthermore, each of the bearings 36, 37, 60, 61 does not have to be aball bearing but may also be a roller bearing, for example.

Furthermore, the torque detection unit 62 does not have to be amagnetostrictive torque sensor but may also be a torque sensor that usesa potentiometer, for example.

Optionally, the detection unit 631, 631E and the motor rotationdetection unit 640 may be mounted on two different surfaces of thecontrol board 34. Alternatively, the detection unit 631 and the motorrotation detection unit 640 may be mounted on two different controlboards.

Optionally, the power transmission unit for electric bicycles may alsobe a unit including no motor 53. In that case, the auxiliary drivingforce for the electric bicycle 1 may be generated by, for example,either a motor provided in the vicinity of the power transmission unitfor electric bicycles or a hub motor for driving the front wheel of theelectric bicycle. In the latter case, in particular, when the motor isrunning, the rotational power of the rear wheel 11 of the electricbicycle 1 traveling is transmitted to either the first output structure31 or the output structure 31E via the power transmission medium 19.

(Aspects)

As can be seen from the foregoing description of an exemplary embodimentand its variations, a power transmission unit for electric bicyclesaccording to a first aspect has the following configuration.Specifically, the power transmission unit includes an input structure(30), an output structure (31, 31E), a torque detection unit (62), adetection target (630, 630B, 630C, 630E), and a detection unit (631,631B, 631C, 631E). The input structure (30) includes an input shaft(35). The input shaft (35) is caused to rotate by external forcetransmitted thereto. The input structure (30) rotates along with theinput shaft (35). The output structure (31, 31E) outputs rotationalpower by rotating along with the input structure (30). The torquedetection unit (62) is provided on an outer periphery of the inputstructure (30). The detection target (630, 630B, 630C, 630E) rotateseither along with, or while interlocking with, the input structure (30).The detection unit (631, 631B, 631C, 631E) detects a rotational state ofthe detection target (630, 630B, 630C, 630E). At least part of thetorque detection unit (62) and at least part of the detection target(630, 630B, 630C, 630E) overlap with each other when viewedperpendicularly to a rotational axis of the input structure (30).

This aspect allows the torque detection unit (62), detection target(630, 630B, 630C, 630E), and detection unit (631, 631B, 631C, 631E) ofthe power transmission unit for electric bicycles to be arrangedsufficiently close to each other along the rotational axis of the inputstructure (30). This simplifies the interconnection pattern of thetorque detection unit (62) and the detection unit (631, 631B, 631C,631E), thus facilitating making effective use of the space inside theunit.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a secondaspect may be implemented in combination with the first aspect. Thesecond aspect has the following configuration. The input structure (30)includes a transmission member (41). The transmission member (41) isprovided on an outer periphery of the input shaft (35) and arrangedbeside the output structure (31, 31E) along an axis of the input shaft(35). The transmission member (41) is coupled to, and rotates alongwith, the input shaft (35). The transmission member (41) transmitsrotational power of the input shaft (35) to the output structure (31,31E) to cause the output structure (31, 31E) to rotate. The torquedetection unit (62) is provided on an outer periphery of thetransmission member (41).

This aspect allows the torque of the input shaft (35) to be detectedaccurately by detecting the torque of the transmission member (41) usingthe torque detection unit (62).

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a thirdaspect has the following configuration. Specifically, the powertransmission unit includes an input shaft (35), an output structure(31), a transmission member (41), a torque detection unit (62), adetection target (630D), and a detection unit (631D). The input shaft(35) is caused to rotate by external force transmitted thereto. Theoutput structure (31) outputs rotational power. The transmission member(41) is provided on an outer periphery of the input shaft (35) andarranged beside the output structure (31) along an axis of the inputshaft (35). The transmission member (41) is coupled to, and rotatesalong with, the input shaft (35). The transmission member (41) transmitsrotational power of the input shaft (35) to the output structure (31) tocause the output structure (31) to rotate. The torque detection unit(62) is provided on an outer periphery of the transmission member (41).The detection target (630D) rotates while interlocking with the inputshaft (35). The detection unit (631D) detects a rotational state of thedetection target (630D). The detection target (630D) is located, alongan axis of the input shaft (35), opposite from the output structure (31)with respect to a coupling portion where the input shaft (35) and thetransmission member (41) are coupled together.

This aspect allows an ample space to be left in an intermediate regionin the rightward/leftward direction inside the power transmission unitfor electric bicycles. Thus, a control board (34) and other members maybe arranged in the intermediate region in the rightward/leftwarddirection inside the unit, thus facilitating making effective use of thespace inside the unit.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a fourthaspect may be implemented in combination with the second or thirdaspect. The fourth aspect has the following configuration. Specifically,the power transmission unit further includes a sprocket (51). The outputstructure (31, 31E) is provided on the outer periphery of the inputshaft (35). The sprocket (51) is mounted on the output structure (31,31E).

This aspect reduces an increase in the overall size of the powertransmission unit for electric bicycles by arranging the outputstructure (31, 31E) on the outer periphery of the input shaft (35).

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a fifthaspect may be implemented in combination with any one of the second tofourth aspects. The fifth aspect has the following configuration.Specifically, the power transmission unit further includes a one-wayclutch (46). The transmission member (41) includes a first member (411)and a second member (412, 412A-412E). The first member (411) is providedon the outer periphery of the input shaft (35), coupled to the inputshaft (35), and rotates along with the input shaft (35). The secondmember (412, 412A-412E) is provided on the outer periphery of the inputshaft (35), arranged beside the first member (411) along the axis of theinput shaft (35), coupled to the first member (411), and rotates alongwith the first member (411). The one-way clutch (46) is located betweenthe second member (412, 412A-412E) and the output structure (31) andallows rotational power to be transmitted from the second member (412,412A-412E) to the output structure (31) only when the second member(412, 412A-412E) rotates in one direction with respect to the outputstructure (31).

This aspect reduces the chances of the input shaft (35) continuingrotating by being powered by the motor (53) when the rider stops pumpingpedals (17).

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a sixthaspect may be implemented in combination with any one of the first tofifth aspects. The sixth aspect has the following configuration. Thepower transmission unit further includes a motor (53) and a controlboard (34). The control board (34) controls rotation of the motor (53).

This aspect allows the space inside the power transmission unit forelectric bicycles, including the motor (53) and the control board (34),to be made effective use of.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a seventhaspect may be implemented in combination with the sixth aspect. Theseventh aspect has the following configuration. Aboard surface of thecontrol board (34) extends in a direction intersecting with a motorshaft (54) of the motor (53). The control board (34) overlaps with atleast part of the torque detection unit (62) when viewed perpendicularlyto a rotational axis of the input shaft (35).

This aspect allows the control board (34) to be arranged closer to thetorque detection unit (62), thus enabling the torque detection unit (62)and the control board (34) to be interconnected with a shorter cable.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to an eighthaspect may be implemented in combination with the sixth or seventhaspect. The eighth aspect has the following configuration. Specifically,the power transmission unit for electric bicycles further includes amotor rotation detection unit (640). The motor rotation detection unit(640) is mounted on the control board (34) and detects a rotationalstate of the motor (53). The detection unit (631, 631B-631E) is mountedon the control board (34).

This aspect allows the detection unit (631, 631B-631E) and the motorrotation detection unit (640) to be mounted on the same control board(34), thus reducing an increase in the overall size of the powertransmission unit for electric bicycles.

A power transmission unit for electric bicycles according to a ninthaspect may be implemented in combination with the eighth aspect. Theninth aspect has the following configuration. Specifically, thedetection unit (631, 631B-631E) and the motor rotation detection unit(640) are mounted on the same surface of the control board (34).

This aspect allows the detection unit (631, 631B-631E) and the motorrotation detection unit (640) to be mounted easily on the control board(34).

An electric bicycle (1) according to a tenth aspect has the followingconfiguration. Specifically, the electric bicycle (1) includes a wheel(11) and the power transmission unit for electric bicycles according toany one of the first to ninth aspects. The power transmission unitoutputs rotational power to the wheel (11).

This aspect provides an electric bicycle (1) including the powertransmission unit for electric bicycles according to any one of thefirst to eighth aspects. While the foregoing has described what areconsidered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understoodthat various modifications may be made therein and that the subjectmatter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms andexamples, and that they may be applied in numerous applications, onlysome of which have been described herein. It is intended by thefollowing claims to claim any and all modifications and variations thatfall within the true scope of the present teachings.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   1 Electric Bicycle    -   11 Wheel (Rear Wheel)    -   3 Power Transmission Unit for Electric Bicycles (Motor Unit)    -   30 Input Structure    -   31 Output Structure (First Output Structure)    -   31E Output Structure    -   34 Control Board    -   35 Input Shaft    -   41 Transmission Member    -   411 First Member    -   412, 412A-412D Second Member    -   46 One-Way Clutch    -   51 Sprocket (First Drive Sprocket)    -   53 Motor    -   62 Torque Detection Unit    -   630, 630B-630E Detection Target    -   631, 631B-631E Detection Unit    -   640 Motor Rotation Detection Unit

1. A power transmission unit for generating auxiliary driving force foran electric bicycle, the power transmission unit comprising: a motorincluding a motor shaft; an input structure including an input shaft andconfigured to rotate along with the input shaft, the input shaft beingcaused to rotate by external force transmitted thereto; a speed reducermechanism configured to transmit a rotational power of the motor shaftwhile reducing a rotational speed; a case that houses the motor, theinput structure, and the speed reducer mechanism, the case including afirst divided part and a second divided part; a bearing located insidethe case; and a bearing supporting portion to which the bearing isattached, the bearing supporting portion supporting the speed reducermechanism, the bearing supporting portion being attached to the firstdivided part.
 2. The power transmission unit of claim 1, wherein thebearing supporting portion covers part of the motor.
 3. The powertransmission unit of claim 1, wherein part of the motor is housed withinthe first divided part.
 4. The power transmission unit of claim 1,wherein the speed reducer mechanism includes a transmission gear thatmeshes with a tooth portion provided on an outer peripheral surface ofthe motor shaft of the motor, and the bearing rotatably supports arotational shaft of the transmission gear.
 5. The power transmissionunit of claim 1, further comprising a torque detection unit configuredto detect a rotational power of the input structure, wherein the inputstructure includes a transmission member provided on an outer peripheryof the input shaft, and the torque detection unit is provided on anouter periphery of the transmission member.
 6. The power transmissionunit of claim 1, further comprising a torque detection unit configuredto detect a rotational power of the input structure, wherein the inputstructure includes a transmission member provided on an outer peripheryof the input shaft, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular toforward backward directions of the electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, the torquedetection unit is located on the right of a coupling portion where theinput shaft and the transmission member are coupled together.
 7. Thepower transmission unit of claim 1, wherein the input structure includesa transmission member provided on an outer periphery of the input shaft,the transmission member is coupled to the input shaft via a fittingportion, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular to forwardbackward directions of the electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, a gap isformed between a portion, located on the right of the fitting portion,of the transmission member and the input shaft.
 8. The powertransmission unit of claim 1, wherein the input structure includes atransmission member provided on an outer periphery of the input shaft,the transmission member is coupled to the input shaft via a fittingportion, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular to forwardbackward directions of the electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, the fittingportion is formed on an inner peripheral surface of a left end portionof the transmission member.
 9. The power transmission unit of claim 1,wherein the first divided part is made of a different material from thebearing supporting portion.
 10. The power transmission unit of claim 1,wherein the first divided part is made of a metallic material and thebearing supporting portion is made of a resin.
 11. A power transmissionunit for generating auxiliary driving force for an electric bicycle, thepower transmission unit comprising: an input structure including aninput shaft and configured to rotate along with the input shaft, theinput shaft being caused to rotate by external force transmittedthereto; a first output structure configured to rotate by being suppliedwith a rotational power of the input structure; a case that houses, theinput structure, and the first output structure, the case including afirst divided part and a second divided part; a motor housed within thecase; a speed reducer mechanism configured to transmit a rotationalpower of the motor shaft while reducing a rotational speed; a bearinglocated inside the case; and a bearing supporting portion to which thebearing is attached, the bearing supporting portion supporting the speedreducer mechanism, the bearing supporting portion being attached to thefirst divided part.
 12. The power transmission unit of claim 11, whereinthe bearing supporting portion covers part of the motor.
 13. The powertransmission unit of claim 11, wherein part of the motor is housedwithin the first divided part.
 14. The power transmission unit of claim11, wherein the speed reducer mechanism includes: a transmission shaftrotatably supported by the bearing; a first transmission gear providedon an outer periphery of the transmission shaft, the first transmissiongear being caused to rotate by a rotational power of the motor shaft;and a second transmission gear fixed to the transmission shaft, thesecond transmission shaft transmitting a rotational power of the firsttransmission gear to the first output structure.
 15. The powertransmission unit of claim 14, further including a control boardconfigured to control rotation of the motor, wherein the control boardoverlaps at least partially with the first transmission gear when viewedperpendicularly to a rotational axis of the input shaft.
 16. The powertransmission unit of claim 11, further comprising a second outputstructure with an axis parallel with an axis of the first outputstructure.
 17. The power transmission unit of claim 11, furthercomprising a torque detection unit configured to detect a rotationalpower of the input structure, wherein the input structure includes atransmission member provided on an outer periphery of the input shaft,and the torque detection unit is provided on an outer periphery of thetransmission member.
 18. The power transmission unit of claim 11,further comprising a torque detection unit configured to detect arotational power of the input structure, wherein the input structureincludes a transmission member provided on an outer periphery of theinput shaft, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular toforward backward directions of an electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, the torquedetection unit is located on the right of the coupling portion where theinput shaft and the transmission member are coupled together.
 19. Thepower transmission unit of claim 11, wherein the input structureincludes a transmission member provided on an outer periphery of theinput shaft, the transmission member is coupled to the input shaft via afitting portion, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular toforward backward directions of an electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, a gap isformed between a portion, located on the right of the fitting portion,of the transmission member and the input shaft.
 20. The powertransmission unit of claim 11, wherein the input structure includes atransmission member provided on an outer periphery of the input shaft,the transmission member is coupled to the input shaft via a fittingportion, and wherein two directions that are perpendicular to forwardbackward directions of the electric bicycle and aligned with ahorizontal plane represent rightward leftward directions, the fittingportion is formed on an inner peripheral surface of a left end portionof the transmission member.